Received: 08.12.2025
Accepted: 17.12.2025
Published online: 31.12.2025
UDC: 616.24-002.5:615.1:614.2
DOI: 10.26212/2227-1937.2025.98.99.002
PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY FOR PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS: REGULATION,
ACCESSIBILITY, PRICING POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCING EXPERIENCE (REVIEW)
RAKHYMBAYEVN.A.¹, ZHAKIPBEKOV K.S.¹, SERIKBAYEVA E.A.¹, ASHIROV M.Z.¹,
UMURZAKHOVAG.ZH.², SHIMIROVA Z.K.²
¹ NJSC “S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University”, Almaty, Kazakhstan
² JSC “South Kazakhstan Medical Academy”, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
*Corresponding author
Abstract: Effective pharmaceutical supply for patients with tuberculosis is one of the key factors
directly influencing treatment outcomes and epidemiological indicators. Access to medicines, price
17 regulation, quality and safety, as well as the sustainability of financing mechanisms, determine the effectiveness of tuberculosis control measures.
The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic analysis of international experience in the
regulation, accessibility, pricing policies, and financing models of pharmaceutical supply for patients
with tuberculosis, and to identify effective mechanisms applicable to the healthcare system of
Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods: The review was conducted in a narrative review format. The analysis
included WHO recommendations, data from the Global Drug Facility, regulatory documents of the FDA, EMA, and PMDA, as well as scientific publications from PubMed, PMC, Frontiers, and JAMA databases. Pharmaceutical supply systems were evaluated using a comparative analysis focusing on regulation, accessibility, pricing, and financing models.
Results: International experience demonstrates that the effectiveness of pharmaceutical supply
for tuberculosis is closely associated with centralized regulation, widespread use of generic medicines, public or social health insurance financing, and well-developed pharmacovigilance systems. In France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada, medicine prices and reimbursement are regulated at the state level, whereas market-based and mixed models prevail in the United States and India. In developing countries, high medicine prices and unstable supply chains remain major barriers to access.
Conclusion: International experience supports the effectiveness of a combined model integrating
state regulation and social health insurance. Expanding the use of generic medicines, strengthening state price control, and enhancing pharmacovigilance are essential to improving access to tuberculosis treatment. These approaches have practical relevance for improving the pharmaceutical supply system for patients with tuberculosis in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: tuberculosis, pharmaceutical supply, international experience, pricing policy,
financing models, pharmacovigilance.
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