ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT AND PATHWAYS TO SOLUTIONS

Received: 29.11.2024 Accepted: 14.12.2024 Published online: 30.12.2024
DOI 10.26212/2227-1937.2025.18.39.013
УДК 615.33
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT AND PATHWAYS TO SOLUTIONS
Sh. Maitanova1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4513-9542
G. Akdauletova2, ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8388-0879
O. Uzakbaiyev2, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5948-2889
A. Ryskulova3, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-4799
M. Baymuratova3, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-7874
K. Uspanova1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2000-8917
Ye. Mukhaliyev4, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1428
A. Zharimbetova3, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3660-4805
A. Raushan3, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7104-4412
1 Center of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
2Department of Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Hospital, Almaty, Kazakhstan
3Kazakhstan’s Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan
4Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global health challenge that poses significant threats to
public health, food security, and economic stability. AMR occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, rendering treatments ineffective and leading to persistent infections,
higher medical costs, and increased mortality rates. This crisis is exacerbated by factors such as the overuse and misuse of
antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture, insufficient regulation, inadequate infection control measures, and limited access to
diagnostic tools. As AMR continues to evolve, its impact is felt worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
where resources for combating this issue are often scarce. The growing burden of AMR underscores the urgency for global and
regional collaborations, integrated surveillance systems, and the implementation of effective antimicrobial stewardship
programs to mitigate its impact.
Purpose of the review. This study aims to analyze AMR as a global threat, identify key factors driving its emergence and spread,
evaluate existing mitigation strategies, and propose practical recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of AMR
management at regional and global levels.
Materials and methods: A systematic analysis was conducted using open-access articles published within the last five years
from databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. Included studies met evidence levels A
and B, comprising meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and cohort studies. Key areas of focus included epidemiological data,
resistance patterns, and intervention effectiveness.
Results: Between 1990 and 2021, AMR was responsible for over one million deaths globally each year, with significant
increases in fatalities among individuals aged 70 and older. In 2021, bacterial AMR contributed to an estimated 4.71 million
deaths globally, including 1.14 million directly attributable to AMR. Projections suggest AMR-related deaths could reach 10
million annually by 2050 if current trends continue. Factors such as unregulated antibiotic use, limited diagnostic resources,
and the spread of multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR), and pan-resistance (PDR) exacerbate the crisis.
Regional disparities, particularly in Africa and Asia, emphasize the need for strengthened surveillance and regulatory
measures.
Conclusion. AMR is a growing global crisis that demands urgent action. Implementing genomic tools for AMR monitoring and
adopting the «One Health» approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health, are essential to addressing
this challenge. Strengthening regional monitoring, increasing public awareness, and fostering global collaborations are pivotal
for sustainable AMR control. These measures are crucial to reducing mortality rates, optimizing healthcare outcomes, and
mitigating the socioeconomic impacts of AMR.
Keywords: Drug Resistance, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimicrobial Agents.

количество просмотров / 👁 133

Оставить ответ

Ваш адрес email не будет опубликован. Обязательные поля помечены *