{"id":1674,"date":"2024-12-30T17:03:15","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T17:03:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.nncf.kz\/?p=1674"},"modified":"2025-02-04T10:57:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T10:57:27","slug":"antibiotic-resistance-a-global-threat-and-pathways-to-solutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.nncf.kz\/kz\/antibiotic-resistance-a-global-threat-and-pathways-to-solutions\/","title":{"rendered":"ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT AND PATHWAYS TO SOLUTIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"

Received: 29.11.2024 Accepted: 14.12.2024 Published online: 30.12.2024
\nDOI 10.26212\/2227-1937.2025.18.39.013<\/a>
\n\u0423\u0414\u041a 615.33
\nANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL THREAT AND PATHWAYS TO SOLUTIONS
\nSh. Maitanova1, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4513-9542
\nG. Akdauletova2, ORCID:https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8388-0879
\nO. Uzakbaiyev2, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5948-2889
\nA. Ryskulova3, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-4799
\nM. Baymuratova3, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-7874
\nK. Uspanova1, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2000-8917
\nYe. Mukhaliyev4, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-1428
\nA. Zharimbetova3, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3660-4805
\nA. Raushan3, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7104-4412
\n1 Center of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
\n2Department of Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Hospital, Almaty, Kazakhstan
\n3Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u00abKSPH\u00bb, Almaty, Kazakhstan
\n4Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
\nAbstract
\nIntroduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global health challenge that poses significant threats to
\npublic health, food security, and economic stability. AMR occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
\nparasites develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, rendering treatments ineffective and leading to persistent infections,
\nhigher medical costs, and increased mortality rates. This crisis is exacerbated by factors such as the overuse and misuse of
\nantibiotics in healthcare and agriculture, insufficient regulation, inadequate infection control measures, and limited access to
\ndiagnostic tools. As AMR continues to evolve, its impact is felt worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
\nwhere resources for combating this issue are often scarce. The growing burden of AMR underscores the urgency for global and
\nregional collaborations, integrated surveillance systems, and the implementation of effective antimicrobial stewardship
\nprograms to mitigate its impact.
\nPurpose of the review. This study aims to analyze AMR as a global threat, identify key factors driving its emergence and spread,
\nevaluate existing mitigation strategies, and propose practical recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of AMR
\nmanagement at regional and global levels.
\nMaterials and methods: A systematic analysis was conducted using open-access articles published within the last five years
\nfrom databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. Included studies met evidence levels A
\nand B, comprising meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and cohort studies. Key areas of focus included epidemiological data,
\nresistance patterns, and intervention effectiveness.
\nResults: Between 1990 and 2021, AMR was responsible for over one million deaths globally each year, with significant
\nincreases in fatalities among individuals aged 70 and older. In 2021, bacterial AMR contributed to an estimated 4.71 million
\ndeaths globally, including 1.14 million directly attributable to AMR. Projections suggest AMR-related deaths could reach 10
\nmillion annually by 2050 if current trends continue. Factors such as unregulated antibiotic use, limited diagnostic resources,
\nand the spread of multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR), and pan-resistance (PDR) exacerbate the crisis.
\nRegional disparities, particularly in Africa and Asia, emphasize the need for strengthened surveillance and regulatory
\nmeasures.
\nConclusion. AMR is a growing global crisis that demands urgent action. Implementing genomic tools for AMR monitoring and
\nadopting the «One Health» approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health, are essential to addressing
\nthis challenge. Strengthening regional monitoring, increasing public awareness, and fostering global collaborations are pivotal
\nfor sustainable AMR control. These measures are crucial to reducing mortality rates, optimizing healthcare outcomes, and
\nmitigating the socioeconomic impacts of AMR.
\nKeywords: Drug Resistance, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimicrobial Agents.<\/p>\n

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