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Received: 08.12.2025
\nAccepted: 17.12.2025
\nPublished online: 31.12.2025
\nUDC: 616.24-002.5:615.1:614.2
\nDOI: 10.26212\/2227-1937.2025.98.99.002<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY FOR PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS: REGULATION,<\/strong>
\nACCESSIBILITY, PRICING POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCING EXPERIENCE (REVIEW)<\/strong><\/p>\n

RAKHYMBAYEVN.A.\u00b9, ZHAKIPBEKOV K.S.\u00b9, SERIKBAYEVA E.A.\u00b9, ASHIROV M.Z.\u00b9,
\nUMURZAKHOVAG.ZH.\u00b2, SHIMIROVA Z.K.\u00b2<\/p>\n

\u00b9 NJSC \u201cS.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University\u201d, Almaty, Kazakhstan
\n\u00b2 JSC \u201cSouth Kazakhstan Medical Academy\u201d, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
\n*Corresponding author<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>: Effective pharmaceutical supply for patients with tuberculosis is one of the key factors
\ndirectly influencing treatment outcomes and epidemiological indicators. Access to medicines, price
\n17 regulation, quality and safety, as well as the sustainability of financing mechanisms, determine the effectiveness of tuberculosis control measures.<\/p>\n

The aim<\/strong> of the study was to conduct a systematic analysis of international experience in the
\nregulation, accessibility, pricing policies, and financing models of pharmaceutical supply for patients
\nwith tuberculosis, and to identify effective mechanisms applicable to the healthcare system of
\nKazakhstan.<\/p>\n

Materials and Methods<\/strong>: The review was conducted in a narrative review format. The analysis
\nincluded WHO recommendations, data from the Global Drug Facility, regulatory documents of the FDA, EMA, and PMDA, as well as scientific publications from PubMed, PMC, Frontiers, and JAMA databases. Pharmaceutical supply systems were evaluated using a comparative analysis focusing on regulation, accessibility, pricing, and financing models.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong>: International experience demonstrates that the effectiveness of pharmaceutical supply
\nfor tuberculosis is closely associated with centralized regulation, widespread use of generic medicines, public or social health insurance financing, and well-developed pharmacovigilance systems. In France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada, medicine prices and reimbursement are regulated at the state level, whereas market-based and mixed models prevail in the United States and India. In developing countries, high medicine prices and unstable supply chains remain major barriers to access.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong>: International experience supports the effectiveness of a combined model integrating
\nstate regulation and social health insurance. Expanding the use of generic medicines, strengthening state price control, and enhancing pharmacovigilance are essential to improving access to tuberculosis treatment. These approaches have practical relevance for improving the pharmaceutical supply system for patients with tuberculosis in Kazakhstan.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/strong>: tuberculosis, pharmaceutical supply, international experience, pricing policy,
\nfinancing models, pharmacovigilance.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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