Received: 04.11.2024 Accepted: 30.11.2024 Published online: 30.12.2024
DOI: 10.26212/2227-1937.2025.67.76.025
УДК 631.362.36:57.087.3
SMOKING AS A CAUSE OF INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR PREMATURE AGEING AND MORTALITY
Abzaliyev K.B.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-854X
Kurmanova A.M.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-3903
Abzaliyeva S.A.1*, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9802-0129
Suleimenova M.U.2, ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8553-5353
Nassyrova N.B.3, ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-457X
Sundetova D.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-869X
Bugibayeva A.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-2711
Baurzhan M.4, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-8673
Abdykassymova M.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5365-5508
Bitemirova R.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-6018
Baizhigitova N.5, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-854X
Sagalbayeva U.1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-9116
Jardemova K.6, ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8153-8368
1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
2 International Information of Technology University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
3Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
4 Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, Almaty, Kazakhstan
5 «Smart Health», Almaty, Kazakhstan
6 «A-Clinic», Almaty, Kazakhstan
*Author for correspondence — Symbat Abzaliyeva, PhD, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, email:
abzalieva.symbat@gmail.com +7777 232 2978
Resume:
Background. The article deals with the influence of modifiable risk factors, namely tobacco smoking on morbidity and mortality.
The concept of reducing the influence of risk factors (harm reduction) was first widely recognized in work with people who are
dependent on smoking. According to the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, tobacco kills more than 8 million people
each year, including an estimated 1.3 million non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke.
Purpose of the study: To study the impact of tobacco smoking on public health and the international experience of measures to
reduce the harmful effects of this risk factor at the present stage.
Materials and methods. The research and publications on the topic of the study were analyzed using sources indexed in eLibrary, Google Academic, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of a literature review aimed at studying the
effectiveness and features of the organization of smoking cessation interventions are presented.
Results of the study. A comprehensive approach to reducing the effects of harmful risk factors is yielding positive results. The
group of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remains the No. 1 deadly disease category, with alcohol, smoking, unbalanced diet
and physical inactivity as the main risk factors. According to the latest data, tobacco smoke is one of the deadliest risk factors for
deaths worldwide. While smoking cessation is the best option for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases, tobacco harm
reduction is a complementary approach to existing tobacco control interventions.
Conclusion. Perspectives on tobacco harm reduction should focus on reducing the negative health effects of smoking. ‘Tobacco
control’ refers to a range of supply, demand and harm reduction strategies aimed at improving public health by eliminating or
reducing their use of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke.
Keywords: Smoking, Ageing, Vascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases, Prevention, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors
